Prevent Global Warming

Prevent Global Warming
Monday, December 31, 2007 17:41:44
By: Dr. Fahmi Amharic
Main Researcher Bakosurtanal

Date of 3 to 14 December 2007 will be held conventions / meetings between the parties (Conference of Parties / Meeting of Parties) a high level in Bali which was held by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This meeting is expected to evaluate the Kyoto Protocol, which was made in 1997, which was signed to reduce the levels of CO2 to prevent global warming. This phenomenon can not be seen for a moment or season, but should in the long term, decades or even centuries.


Weather is a phenomenon that can vary from day to day. Long-term trend was called the climate. While this trend changed then we talk about climate change. On a global scale, is called the Global Climate Change. Since the industrial era, the record of this climate change. This effect is expected due to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere as a result of better combustion of hydrocarbon fossil fuels, forests and waste, so that infrared rays from the sun more trapped in the atmosphere. Because these effects are felt in similar greenhouses, so-called Greenhouse Effect (greenhouse effect) and CO2 is also called "greenhouse gases" (Greenhouse-Gas/GHG). And because the effects of global warming, so-called "global warming".

Because it requires long-term research like this, then some people still disagree about the dimensions of global warming effects. Some consider this effect will be neutralized by the increased reactivity of a natural lake.

But inevitably we still have to prepare ourselves. The problem, of the climate can not be solved in a short time. When droughts occur, is already agricultural land planted with rice in dire need of water, there will be a food crisis. Because it was the government needs to lead to world agriculture anticipate it. Thousands of kilometers of irrigation systems should be immediately revitalized. Rice seeds have also prepared a more drought resistant.

But on the other hand, our weather monitoring systems must also continue to be built. Network needs to diperpadat, computer modernized and improved its human resources professional and well-being. This system should also be integrated into the global weather monitoring network, including satellite-based. Accuracy must be improved, so that climate prediction is indeed a scientific prediction, not just issue a handful of cheap businessmen used to get imported rice procurement projects or justification of forest fires - which had actually been intentional.

Sejak masa pencatatan temperatur secara ilmiah dan teratur selama 100 tahun terakhir, tercatat suhu bumi naik 0,75° C. What is striking, after 1950, the trend of increasing temperature seemed pretty consistent with about 0.25 ° C per decade for the mainland and 0.13 ° C per decade for the ocean.

Impact of Global Warming

Alleged global warming will affect the following form:
The polar ice and high mountains melts. According to calculations, this looks to raise sea level up to 5 to 7 meters! Of course, paras increase in average sea should be measured from the tidal station is stable, no earthquake or decrease the face of the land (land-subsidence).
If the sea water rises, the lowlands will be flooded. Coastal areas or productive lowlands below a certain level will be lost. Small islands are low will also be removed from the map. Lowlands was lost due to sea level rise, not only because of abrasion or crushed sand was taken.
If the land is lost this is the framework of the "fence line" of a country, the country's borders could return to its natural boundary disputes since disappeared. For island countries such as Indonesia and the critical sea border with several countries, the loss of an outer island could result in thousands of square kilometers sea areas that sovereignty territorial sea, exclusive economic zone or continental shelf may suddenly disappear.
Changes in plankton and automated circulation distribution changes in fish that eventually the supply of marine food sources. The fate of millions of fishermen or farmers in the balance.
Changes in vegetation. Areas now temperate will be warmer so it can grow tropical plants. Meanwhile, the region is now as warm as in Indonesia, can be turned into a desert!
Changes in disease patterns, due to some viruses or bacteria that used to exist only in tropical areas (such as malaria, dengue and the like) will hit the temperate regions. When the health workers there are not familiar with such tropical diseases, the pandemic will occur is highly malignant.
Greenhouse Gas Sources

Until now the two big countries of China and the United States refused to ratify the Kyoto protocol, although for different reasons. China plays that economic activity is still far below the industrial countries forward. Reduction of CO2 means that the people of China closed the opportunity to enjoy a standard of living better. The U.S. was indeed less interested in reducing the rate of fossilnya energy use, especially in the field of transportation. But the issue that is currently circulating precisely the source of this greenhouse gas from the Islamic world population growth is not controlled because the rejection of family planning programs (KB).

In fact, during the U.S. is "champion" producer of CO2, ie 39% of the world. State-G-8 countries (USA, Japan, Germany, Canada, UK, France, Italy and Russia) a total waste CO2 68% of the world. That is, the amount of CO2 from all other countries, including Indonesia and China less than 32%.

During this sector produces the most CO2 is the energy (both for industrial and transport). U.S. exhale almost 6500 Mega Tonnes of CO2-equivalent, where 95% of the energy sector. By comparison, Indonesia has breathed only less than 400 Mega Tonnes of CO2-equivalent, although the population of Indonesia has approached the U.S. population. But because Indonesia's frequent forest fires, whether intentional or not, Indonesia "donate" as much as 3000 Mega CO2 Ton CO2-equivalent.

Developed countries at the beginning of the UNFCCC have committed to financially assist developing countries in anticipation of climate change impacts. For that developing countries are required to do some things such as keeping its forests and has submitted the data-Greenhouse gas inventory.

But after ten years of the Kyoto Protocol, developing countries are increasingly aware that there are institutional factors that are difficult to overcome, namely: (1) industrial countries in the world's leading (known as the G-8) already on the "comfort zone" , so lazy to change; (2) in the world today there is no alternative economic schemes of the global scale, and (3) the UN did not have sufficient political capacity. In fact, the UN political and economic world today is determined by political and corporate activities of the United States - that refused to ratify the Kyoto protocol earlier.

Then it became clear that to save the planet from ecological destruction, need a new paradigm and the political system and the new global economy. Political system and capitalist economy-secular proved a failure. There needs to be an alternative system that relies to the Creator The omniscient. Allah says:

Has appeared the damage on land and at sea due to human actions, so God told them to feel part (due to) their deeds, so they come back (to the right path). (Surah 30: 41)

Alternative systems for the world and is the only system for the Muslims it is a system of global Islamic rule (Caliphate). Islamic Shari'a is applied throughout the whole of the empire will overcome this problem since the CO2 from the roots. CO2 will be reduced from the demand and supply.

From the demand side: the CO2 produced from conventional energy use (Minya, gas, coal). The more materialistic lifestyle, the more energy consumed and the more CO2 will throw away. With the replacement of the paradigm of happiness with the Islamic paradigm, it solved two problems at once: energy demand and CO2. This form of reduced demand can be either spatial layout macro or micro better, thus reducing the energy needs for transport, lighting or air conditioning. Technologically, the use of information and communication technology (ICT) can also suppress a significant transportation needs, as will many things can be done remotely (eg tele-conferencing, tele-working, etc.).

Are from the supply side, the use of renewable energy like solar energy in its various forms (solar-cell, solar farm, solar-tank), wind energy (wind-farm), the energy of water (from micro hydro to hydropower), energy waves, energy, temperature sea (Ocean-Thermal-Energy-Conversion, OTEC), tidal, geothermal energy (geothermal) that nuclear energy can help reduce the use of conventional energy, and ultimately anticipate global warming.

On the other hand, the movement of forest preservation and tree planting should be encouraged, either individually, corporations and countries. In the 12 years (1991-2003), Indonesia has lost 68 million hectares of forest, or about 10 acres per minute! Imagine, 15x wide field of forest disappear every minute the ball! At lower levels, the activist mission to remind the Ummah of the Prophet's hadith that reads something like, "Let's end the evening occurred in the morning for a Muslim to keep going to plant a tree", and in another hadith, "If the fruit enjoyed by worm or a bird, it still accounted for alms from the planted ".
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Trash It Effective for Livestock Feed

Trash It Effective for Livestock Feed
Monday, December 31, 2007 17:35:40
Waste management problems experienced by not only Bali. Large countries, even advanced countries are still busy struggling to fight waste, especially waste daily which considerable numbers. However, for Bali, the problem started a bit rubbish with the launch of tertanggulangi waste processing technologies into animal feed by the Research Center for Agricultural Technology (BPTP) Bali, on Monday (10 / 5) yesterday. How background discovery and what the benefits to be gained by society when using this technology?

Garbage is a very difficult problem to overcome, especially in those countries is growing. Although already be addressed, generally the cost needed for processing this waste is relatively large, especially when using high technology. Thus, this waste problems are often resolved only in fragments without any settlement that could finish up to the root of the problem.

In fact, this waste problems should get serious attention from governments Bali because this region's position as a destination that has a high selling points for tourists. Some time ago some friends in the country consul visit to Bali TV, this waste problem is also highlighted.

Japanese Consul N. Nomura, for example, deplored the filthy tourist places in Bali. He admitted receiving many complaints from Japanese tourists visiting Bali. Conditions in the field as seen by the tourists will certainly exacerbate the image of Bali as a destination.

For this reason there is need for integrated thinking in order to answer this question. Moreover with the growing number of people getting in Bali unavoidable waste production will also be increased. Answering the increased production of waste in Bali from year to year - which is said to reach 3000 cubic meters / day - BPTP Bali conduct research to develop a waste treatment technology since 2003.

The new discovery was launched yesterday and is funded by the Bappeda is a tool capable of processing waste into cattle feed, which not only can minimize the environmental pollution level but also benefit the farmer. Thought to directly use the waste as animal feed materials used are appropriate in Bali, which most of the people are farmers.

This organic waste, according to researchers BPTP also the inventor of a sewage treatment technology Suprio Guntoro, very effective and can provide an inexpensive feed ingredient. In addition, farmers also do not have anymore trouble planting and mowing grass. ''This technology is very effective, especially for providing fodder in the dry season,''he said.

Utilization of this waste is also expected to help increase the carrying capacity of livestock in a region without the need to develop green areas in particular animal feed. For Balinese narrowing the farm, the waste can be used as an alternative to support the development of the cattle business.

Complete feed that is created through a process of this waste can not be underestimated. Because, with the provision of feed made from raw garbage to cattle and goats as much as 3-4 kg / head / day occurred adding the weight of 600 grams / day. If the volume was increased to a pakannya giving 7-7,5 kg / head / day then the weight of cattle will increase to 800 grams.

By adding this amount of feed, the need for green feed can be eliminated. The condition of this increase in weight of cattle, said Guntoro, can be seen in landfills (TPA) Temesi, Gianyar, which is a pilot project of this waste processing technology.
http://www.pertaniansehat.or.id/index.php?pilih=news&mod=yes&aksi=lihat&id=14

Controlling Pests With Botanical Insecticide

Controlling Pests With Botanical Insecticide
Thursday, February 28, 2008 11:36:07
Ir. H. Samsudin, MSI (dir. LPS-DD)

Pests and diseases on cultivated plants is one of the important factors that could reduce agricultural output. So far, farmers are dependent on chemical pesticides to control pests and disease, but excessive use of pesticides, not only will increase production costs, but also bad for the health of farmers, consumers and the surrounding biological balance. Some of the negative effects that will arise from the use of synthetic chemical pesticides are:
Pests become resistant (immune).
Explosion of pests due to the ineffectiveness of the use of pesticides.
Accumulation of residue that can be dangerous. farmers / users and consumers.
Follow the killing of natural enemies.
Environmental pollution.
Changes in pest status of minor pests become major pests.


Alternative
Prevention must be done through the use of natural pesticides that do not leave harmful residues and environmentally friendly (friendly environment), use of natural enemies of pests (predators and parasitoids), bio-pesticides, crop rotations and plant friends (Companion plant).
In the narrow land, farmers can control manually (picking leaves or pick up a worm attack).
Observations were made as often as possible, and farmers should be diligent in doing sanitation of the environment around the plant. Leaves should be burned disease (eradication).
Crop rotation is to plant vegetables that are not family or nothing, in one place within a certain period, for example: former bean fields not planted beans next. This is intended to avoid congestion seedling pests / diseases. In addition, crop rotation is also beneficial for the addition of N elements, such as land once planted with corn, beans planted next / beans.
Meanwhile, fellow plant / companion (companion plant), working away pests, the smell of the plant pests do not want to create closer, many of the examples found in the field are: cabbage and tomato. The smell of tomatoes was not favored by the butterflies into caterpillars Plutella life cycle. Another example of celery and scallion, tomato and onion leaves, lettuce and cucumbers and others.
While several types of organic pesticides that served as a control pests / diseases include: pesticide plant (pesnab), biological agents that act as predators or natural enemies of pests or disease specific types of (bio-pesticides), and other materials that serve as attractants or the presence of the insect repellent / Repellent.
Biological agents are generally grown in certain media and applied by spraying (eg NPV viruses, bacteria Bt) and can also be mixed into the planting medium / fertilizer (eg: Gliocladium).
Flour sulfur can be spread on the leaf / stem rot fungus affected (Phytopthora).
Urien cows can also be used as a pest repellent after previously kept for 2 weeks in the sun and diluted with water before being sprayed, because the concentration of urine can lead to intense burning plant leaves.
No.
TYPE MATERIAL
Pests / diseases controlled
A.
PESTICIDES NABATI

1.
Mimba
Aphids, caterpillars borers, grasshoppers,
2.
Jackfruit leaves
Aphid, thrips
3.
Basil
Fruit flies
4.
Tegetes
White lice
5.
Roots tuba
Aphid, caterpillars, slugs mas
6.
Garlic
Aphids, weevils
7.
Soursop
Aphid, pest ants and warehouse
8.
Chrysanthemum
Various types of insects
9.
Tobacco
Various types of insects
10.
Ginger
Various types of insects
11.
Cloves
Fungi: Fusarium, Phytopthora
B.
BIO-PESTICIDES

1.
Se Virus NPV
Caterpillar grayak on onion
2.
Sl NPV Virus
Caterpillar grayak on chili, peanuts and tobacco
3.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Grayak caterpillar Spodoptera litura, Plutella and Crocidolomia on cabbage
4.
Gliocladium sp
Fusarium fungi, Phytopthora
5.
Trichoderma
Fusarium fungi, Phytium
C.
OTHER MATERIALS

1.
Flour
Plutella caterpillars and Crocidolomia the cabbage and mustard greens.
2.
Sulfur / sulfur
Mushroom Phytopthora
3.
Metyl eugenol (pheromones)
Fruit flies
4.
Cow urine
Aphid (aphids)

SOME FUNCTIONS OF PESTICIDES NABATI
Vegetable Pesticides have various functions that the various, among other things:
Repelen, which rejected the presence of insects (stinging odor)
Antifidan, prevent insect eating plants that have been sprayed (no taste bitter).
Preventing insects lay eggs.
As a nerve poison.
Disrupt the hormone system in the body of insects.
Atraktan, the presence of insect decoy that can be used to trap insects.
Controlling the growth of fungus / bacteria.
B. MATERIAL AND METHOD OF PROCESSING
To create a pesticide plant (pesnab) required materials in the form of a certain plant parts, such as leaves, seeds, berries, roots, and others.
The materials are processed into various forms, including: a liquid form of extracts and oils, and solid forms (flour and ash). Examples of the forms of pesticide processing plant are as follows:
Raw materials in the form of flour (flour neem, turmeric powder, ginger powder).
Plant extract / resin by taking liquid secondary metabolites of certain plant parts. (neem oil, chrysanthemum oil, clove oil, etc.).
Plant parts were burned to ashes taken and used as an insecticide such as: lemon grass, tembelekan (Lantana Pine)), leaves of bamboo and others.

C. Advantages and disadvantages
Excess of pesticides made from plant materials such as:
Degraded / rapid decomposition by sunlight.
Has the effect / influence of fast, ie stop the insect's appetite even if rarely cause death.
Toksitasnya of animals is generally low and relatively safe in humans (lethal dosage (LD)> 50 Oral).
Having a broad spectrum of control (stomach and nerve toxins) and is selective.
Can be relied upon to overcome the OPT has been resistant to the synthetic pesticides.
Phitotoksitas low, that is not poison and damage the plants.
While weakness using vegetable pestsida as follows:
Decomposes rapidly and the application should be more frequent.
Low-power venom (not directly kill insects / slow effect).
Production capacity is still low and can not be done in the amount of mass (plant material for plant-based pesticides has not been cultivated in particular).
Availability in the stores are still limited agricultural
The material above is generally made by blender, boiled and soaked before it is sprayed. For the type of seeds soaked first and then crushed / blended. While types of leaves and tubers can be blended and made extract. Prior to use the materials in the solution of soap mixed with dab / tipol liquid soap and soaked overnight, then ready for use.
D. SOME TYPES OF PLANT FOR PESTICIDES NABATI
Mimba (Azzadirachta indica)
Active compounds are contained mimba azadirachtin, salanin like meliantriol and onions and it was very bitter. The shape of the leaf powder, or liquid iminyak of seeds / fruit. Effective to prevent the eating of insects and plants to prevent insect approaching (Repellent) and systemic.
Mimba can also create sterile insects, because it can interfere with hormone production and pertumuhan insects.
Mimba has a broad spectrum, effective to control soft-bodied insects (200 species), among others: grasshoppers, thrips, caterpillars, plant hopper, white butterfly, etc..
Besides able to control fungi (fungicide) on the preventive stage, causing fungal spores failed to germinate. Mushrooms are controlled among other causes; flour moisture, rot disease, smallpox leaves / scab, leaf rust and leaf spots. And prevent the bacteria in the dew flour (powdery mildew).
Extracts mimba should be sprayed at the early stages of insect development, which is sprayed on the leaves and can also be sprayed on the roots of plants to absorb the roots or controlling pests in the soil.
ROOTS Tuba (Derris eliptica)
The compound was found rotenon. Rotenon could be extracted using ether / acetone to 2-4% resin rotenon, made into a concentrate water.
Rotenon can cause insects to stop eating. Insect's death occurred several hours to several days after exposure rotenon. Rotenon can be mixed with piretrin / bebelrang. Cell toxicity is very strong for insects.
Berspktrum poison Rotenon is broad, as the stomach and contact poison and not systemic. Act as moluskisida, insecticides (seranga), akarisida (mites).
TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum)
Compounds found in the nicotine. Dried tobacco leaves mangandung 2-8% nicotine. Nicotine is a nerve poison react very quickly.
Nicotine acts as a contact poison for pests such as caterpillars destroyer leaves, aphids, thrips, and aphids as well as controlling fungi (fungicides).
BABADOTAN (Ageratum conyzoides)
Active Ingredients babadotan plant is saponin, flavonoids and polyphenols. And contain essential oils.
Able to prevent plant pests approaching (denial) and capable of inhibiting the growth of the larvae become pupa.
Still there are many plants that can be used as a pesticide plant material / botanical that contains the active ingredient different. Expected with the use of plant pesticides, heavy reliance on the use of chemical pesticides can be reduced so that the security for the farmers / users and consumers can be improved from the dangers of pesticide poisoning. Besides environmental sustainability will be maintained and sustained.
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